Why Doesn’t Canada Build Compact Cities Like European Cities?
Introduction
The question of why Canadian cities tend to sprawl rather than adopt European compact city models has sparked considerable debate. This article explores the multifaceted reasons behind the difference in urban development between Canada and Europe.
Land Availability and Population Density
Land Availability: One of the primary reasons for the sprawling nature of Canadian cities is the vast availability of land. With a land-to-population ratio much higher than in Europe, Canada offers cities the luxury of expanding horizontally. This abundance of space encourages urban sprawl, as cities can grow without the tight constraints seen in densely populated European cities.
Historical Development and Cultural Differences
Historical Development
Historical Development: The historical context of urban development also plays a significant role. Many European cities have a rich history, with centuries-old layouts that prioritize compact living. In contrast, much of Canada's urban development has occurred in the 20th century, characterized by a strong emphasis on automobile accessibility and suburban expansion. The rapid expansion of suburbs was driven by post-war economic growth and a desire for a car-dominated way of life.
Cultural Preferences
Cultural Preferences: Canadian culture values larger homes and backyards, which fuels a preference for suburban living. This societal preference is deeply ingrained and continues to influence urban planning. In contrast, European cities often prioritize walkability and public transportation, reflecting different values regarding urban living. The culture of subsiding in a small, walkable community with easy access to public transport is quite different from the Canadian ideal of spaciousness and personal expansiveness.
Zoning Laws and Policies
Zoning Laws and Policies: Zoning regulations in Canadian cities often favor single-family homes and low-density developments. These policies can significantly limit the construction of higher-density housing options, which are more common in European cities. For instance, single-family zoning can prevent the development of multi-unit buildings, apartments, or other dense housing forms that are essential for compact city planning.
Transportation Infrastructure
Transportation Infrastructure: The availability and efficiency of public transportation systems also play a crucial role. European cities typically have well-developed public transportation networks, which encourage compact living. In Canada, many cities are designed around car travel and sprawling infrastructure. While cities like Victoria have made strides toward more compact urban development, many Canadian cities are gradually exploring more sustainable and dense urban planning models.
Economic Factors
Economic Factors: The cost of land and housing can profoundly influence urban design. In some Canadian cities, the rising cost of urban land has led to a preference for suburban development where land is cheaper. This economic reality further supports the sprawl model, as purchasing property in the suburbs becomes more feasible than in the congested urban centers.
Visionary Steps Towards Sustainable Urban Planning
While challenges persist, cities in Canada are taking steps towards more sustainable and dense urban planning. Initiatives focusing on transit-oriented development (TOD) are being implemented, aiming to integrate residential, commercial, and transportation needs in a compact and efficient manner. Mixed-use zoning is also being explored, allowing for a blend of residential, commercial, and industrial spaces within the same area, fostering vibrant and sustainable communities.
Ultimately, the transition to compact cities in Canada will require a blend of policy changes, cultural shifts, and technological innovations. While the cultural preference for spacious living remains strong, urban planners and policymakers are increasingly recognizing the need for more sustainable and compact urban development models.