Why Did Ottoman Turks Shave Their Beards and Grow Their Moustaches?
The peculiar paradox of Ottoman culture lay in the practice of shaving beards and growing moustaches, a tradition often misunderstood within the context of Islamic practice. This article delves into the historical and cultural context of this practice and explores the reasons behind it.
The Myth of Quranic Verses on Beards
Contrary to popular belief, there is no single verse in the Quran that explicitly instructs men to grow beards. Islamic scholars and historians agree that many of the hadith stories attributing such instructions to Prophet Muhammad are fabricated.
The assertion that beards must be grown and moustaches shaved down is often cited but lacks substantial textual evidence. The Prophet Muhammad himself, as well as figures like Abu Lahab, had beards, underscoring that facial hair is not intrinsically linked to religious piety or spiritual reward.
Complexity of Cultural Identity
Understanding the cultural identity of peoples like the Ottoman Turks requires a nuanced approach. Despite their official alignment with Hanafi jurisprudence, which is one of the four major Islamic schools of law, the Turkish cultural identity extends far beyond religious mandates.
Central Asian and Alawite Influences
Turks, particularly those of central Asian descent or those from the Alawite community, have their own rich cultural heritage. This heritage is rooted in Central Asian traditions and beliefs that predate the formal adoption of Islam. The beard culture seen in Ottoman times is a reflection of these influences.
Alawite religious leaders, known as dedes, and the tradition of ozans (nursery rhymes or poems) played significant roles in the cultural fabric of the region. Such cultural expressions, along with the works of ancient ozans like Hatai Pir Sultan Abdal, Kul Himmet, Nesimi, Virani, Yemini, and Fuzuli, contribute to the rich tapestry of Turkish cultural heritage.
Islamic Identity as a Religious Identity
Many Turkish people identify as Muslims, but their relationship with Islam is often more symbolic than practical. The majority of Turkish Muslims adhere to Islamic practices out of cultural identity, not religious obligation. Officially, the Turkish state is Muslim, and so are the majority of its citizens, but this does not mean they all actively practice their faith.
The ruling party's political stance toward Islam has sometimes reinforced a more formalistic approach to the religion. However, many Turkish people, especially the younger generation, are increasingly moving away from religious practice. The drift from religious adherence is partly due to a growing secularization trend and a disillusionment with religious orthodoxies.
Conclusion
The tradition of shaving beards and growing moustaches among Ottoman Turks is a fascinating intersection of religious and cultural factors. While the beard may not be a religious requirement in Islam, the cultural significance of this practice is clear. It reflects the complex interplay of religious and cultural influences that shape the identity of Turkish people.
Understanding this tradition goes beyond theological debates and touches upon the broader narrative of cultural continuity and adaptation. It is a reminder that cultural practices often transcend strict religious edicts and that identity is a multifaceted construct.