The Most Successful Submarine Attacks on Aircraft Carriers during World War II

The Most Successful Submarine Attacks on Aircraft Carriers during World War II

In the vast and tumultuous landscape of maritime warfare during World War II, submarine attacks on aircraft carriers were among the most spectacular and strategically significant. Among these, the sinking of the Japanese heavy aircraft carrier Shinano by the United States submarine Archerfish stands out as one of the most notable and impactful. This article delves into the significance of such attacks, the operational context of World War II, and the specific incident that makes the sinking of the Shinano a pivotal moment for both sides.

Context of Submarine Warfare during World War II

Submarine warfare during World War II was a complex and multifaceted endeavor that involved both offensive and defensive strategies. Submarines played a crucial role in disrupting supply lines and striking at key naval assets, including aircraft carriers. These massive floating airbases were indispensable for conducting offensive operations and maintaining the initiative on the seas.

Aircraft Carriers, which were often located in distant, often uncharted waters, were particularly vulnerable to submarine attacks due to their large size and the lengthy time required for repairs. The challenge for submariners was to locate, identify, and successfully attack these mobile and well-protected targets. However, their success would also depend on optimal conditions, such as favorable weather, navigation, and a lack of escorts.

The Sinking of the Aircraft Carrier Shinano

The most notable and impactful submarine attack on an aircraft carrier during World War II was the sinking of the Japanese heavy aircraft carrier Shinano by the United States submarine Archerfish on November 29, 1944. The Shinano, launched in September 1944, was Japan's largest ship and the only aircraft carrier ever to be built as a conversion of a battleship. It had a displacement of 33,100 tons and carried more than 90 aircraft. Its true potential as a vessel of war was meant to be realized during a planned surface raid against the U.S. naval base at Ulithi, but it was under construction when the tide of the war turned.

Archerfish, a U.S. submarine that had been distinguished for its successful hunting of Japanese merchant ships, was well-equipped for this particular mission. The Archerfish operated under the command of John J. Bulkeley, a skilled and daring commander. On the night of November 28, 1944, Archerfish detected the presence of Shinano after its sensor array picked up vibrations from the ship's propellers. Despite the low visibility and the weather conditions, Bulkeley made the daring decision to stalk and attack the carrier.

The Attack

The attack commenced at 1:44 AM on November 29, 1944. Archerfish launched two torpedoes, one of which hit the Shinano near the middle of the ship, and the other hit close to the engine room. Both torpedoes caused significant damage to the carrier's hull, reducing the speed and stability of the ship. Despite the hits, Shinano initially attempted to continue toward its destination, but the damage proved too severe. By 6:15 AM, it became clear that the ship was in critical condition and was listing. Within a few hours, Shinano capsized and sank, taking with it nearly 2,500 lives.

Impact and Legacy

The sinking of the Shinano was a significant event for several reasons. First, it marked the end of the Japanese carrier-building program, as no other similar ships were commissioned during the war. Second, it demonstrated the growing effectiveness of submarine warfare and the potential vulnerabilities of technological marvels such as Shinano. Lastly, the incident highlighted the evolving nature of naval warfare, emphasizing the paramount importance of air superiority and the interdependence of surface and submarine operations.

Lessons Learned

The sinking of the Shinano offered valuable lessons for both the Allies and the Axis powers. For the Allies, it underscored the importance of adaptive military strategies and technological innovation in submarine warfare. For the Axis, it exemplified the dire consequences of overconfidence and the failure to adequately protect key naval assets from emerging and evolving threats.

Conclusion

In the annals of naval warfare history, the sinking of the Shinano remains one of the most impactful and strategically significant submarine attacks on an aircraft carrier. It not only marked a turning point in the technological arms race on the high seas but also catalyzed the development of new defensive and countermeasures. As the balance of power shifted, Archerfish and its daring crew demonstrated the vital role of submarines in challenging and ultimately overwhelming Japan's formidable naval capabilities during the later stages of World War II.

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submarine attacks World War II aircraft carriers