The Evolution of German Nationalism: From a Unified Empire to Nazi Ideology

Germany’s rise and fall from a rapidly rising empire to the depths of Nazi ideology have often been examined in historical tomes. However, understanding how modern-day Germany navigates its complex past is crucial. This article provides a comprehensive overview of how German nationalism evolved over time and how the rise of Nazism during World War II occurred not overnight but through a gradual process of manipulation and exploitation of public sentiment.

The Rise of German Nationalism

Pre-World War I Germany (19th Century)

Before World War I, Germany was a rapidly rising power. The small individual princes of the Holy Roman Empire were inspired by a wave of nationalism led by Prussia. Winning wars against Denmark, Austria, and France provided the people with a sense of national identity, leading them to accept Prussian rule over a unified Germany. Britain and France, fearful of this new power, sought to curb German influence, culminating in the First World War.

The Aftermath of World War I

Treaty of Versailles and Economic Crisis (1918-1923)

Germany lost World War I, and the victorious powers forced the Treaty of Versailles upon the country. This treaty crippled Germany's chance of competing with its former adversaries by losing its colonial empire, a large portion of its military capability, and significant European territory. Additionally, the reparations imposed were enormous, devastating the German economy, particularly through hyperinflation that became so severe people burned their money for warmth. The Weimar Republic, which followed the monarchy, faced dismal economic conditions and political instability.

The Rise of Adolf Hitler

Adolf Hitler and the Beginnings of Nazism (1920s)

Adolf Hitler, a politician who rose to prominence in the 1920s, capitalized on the economic and social crisis. He was an excellent orator and understood the frustration and vulnerability of the German people. Jews and communists became convenient scapegoats. The rise of antisemitism, alongside a growing nationalist sentiment, created a fertile ground for Hitler to exploit fears of a communist revolution and the establishment of the Soviet Union. Hitler transformed the Nazi Party into a major political force and became Chancellor in January 1933. In his first broadcast as Chancellor, on February 1, he emphasized the need for revenge:

“More than fourteen years have passed since that unhappy day when the German people, blinded by the promises of those at home and abroad, forgot the highest values of our past, the Reich’s honor and freedom, and thereby lost everything.”

Nazism: A Manipulated Nationalism

Manipulation and Exploitation (1933-1945)

Nazism was not a spontaneous movement; it emerged from the German people’s desire for revenge against a backdrop of strong nationalism that had been growing since the 19th century. Adolf Hitler was a consummate manipulator who mobilized the German people to his cause. The existing nationalism was used to build support for extreme policies and ideologies. The ideology was so dangerous that the winning powers made great efforts to destroy it. Today, the question of how many modern-day Germans identify with Nazis is largely irrelevant. Nazism is illegal, and the lingering threat of Nazism is much more pathetic than its predecessor.

Conclusion

The trajectory of German nationalism from a unified empire to Nazism highlights the complexities of historical and political evolution. While Nazism is not pervasive today, its legacy continues to impact German society in profound ways. Understanding this history is crucial for building a more informed and enlightened society.