The Evolution and Lessons of Utopian Societies and Communes

Utopian societies and communes have been an enduring form of human experiment, from the Roman times to the modern era. These attempts to create ideal societies often stem from dissatisfaction with the prevailing social arrangements. Currently, the United States seems to be experiencing another significant wave of such efforts.

Historical Overview and Specific Context

Humanity has been engaging in communal living concepts since ancient times, with notable peaks occurring throughout history. The period from 1965 to 1975 in the USA was particularly notable, seeing the establishment of over 2000 communes annually. This boom was driven by a variety of historical factors, including the Vietnam War, the youth culture and social alienation of the 1960s, new freedoms for women, the availability of birth control pills, and the introduction of federal food stamp programs. These combined to create a fertile ground for communal living initiatives.

Methodology and Findings

In 1974, Benjamin Zablocki began a longitudinal study of 60 urban communes in major cities across the USA, tracking their development and dissolution over the following two decades. This study provides valuable insights into the dynamics of these communities.

Reasons for Joining Communes

Participants in these communes often cited feelings of stagnation, purposelessness, and alienation from broader society. Surprisingly, despite these sentiments, members felt less economic and political alienation compared to the general population. However, they did report a heightened sense of personal meaninglessness and a desire to reduce the world to a manageable size. Far from seeking deviant behavior, most joined to find meaning and purpose in their lives.

Turnover and Survival Rates

The study found that a high turnover rate was the norm, with only about a third of residents remaining after two years. The main reason for leaving was a lack of emotional connection with other members. Communes typically had a one-year survival rate of 80%, and 63% lasted two years. Those that lasted longer often had stricter entrance requirements or probationary periods for new members. Internal conflicts, ideological differences, and leadership disputes were the primary causes of collapse, while external factors like legal threats or natural disasters also played a role.

Common Misconceptions

Contrary to popular belief, these communes were not drug-filled orgies or law-breaking enterprises. In fact, normative pressures often curbed extreme behaviors. Self-reports showed a significant decline in drug use (from 86% to 42%), public nudity (40% to 32%), and multiple sexual partners (24% to 14%). Even participation in anti-war protests dropped from 57% to 9%. Leadership and hierarchy played a critical role in the success and longevity of these communities.

Key Success Factors

Two broad factors contributed to the cohesion and longevity of these communes: ideology and structure. The sharing of a common moral understanding and clear set of beliefs was crucial. Additionally, the pattern of social relations within the community, such as the reciprocation of friendships and the presence of common ties, was also important. Ideology, particularly a shared moral understanding, was found to be more critical than social structure alone.

Conclusion

The study of these communes provides valuable lessons in human social organization and the pursuit of ideal societies. Understanding the motivations, challenges, and successes of these communities can inform future endeavors in creating more harmonious and meaningful communities.

By learning from these experiments, we can better address the underlying issues of dissatisfaction and disillusionment, and work towards creating more sustainable and fulfilling social arrangements.