The Crusader Expeditions to Egypt: Why the Later Crusades Focused on Egypt
The Crusades, originally centered on Jerusalem, soon expanded their objectives to include other territories, notably Egypt. This strategic shift was driven by the persistent threat to Jerusalem from the Muslim-controlled regions, particularly Egypt. This article will delve into the reasons behind the crusaders' focus on Egypt, examining the historical context and key events that contributed to these expeditions.
Strategic Implications of Targeting Egypt
Egypt played a crucial role in the crusader campaigns due to its strategic position. As the center of the Muslim powerhouse, Egypt was a natural target for the crusaders aiming to reconquer Jerusalem. Its proximity to Palestine made it a vital point of control. Jerusalem had been retaken repeatedly by Egyptian armies, illustrating the challenge the crusaders faced in holding the city without support from Egypt.
Crusader Invasions into Egypt (1154-1169)
Between 1154 and 1169, several invasions of Egypt by the crusaders under King Amalric I highlighted the importance of this region. These campaigns were fueled by the Fatimid Caliphate's internal struggles, which provided an opportunity for the crusaders to interfere. A key player in this drama was Shawar, who aligned with the crusaders against Nur ad-Din's Syrian forces. Although Amalric managed to inhibit several Syrian campaigns, his alliance with the Byzantines against Egypt ended in failure.
In 1167, the crusaders suffered a significant defeat at the hands of Shirkuh, leading to their expulsion from Egypt. This event marked a turning point, highlighting the difficulty in maintaining long-term control over Egypt and, by extension, Jerusalem. The strategic impetus to control Egypt had increased through these campaigns, particularly as the crusaders sought to solidify their position in the Levant by weakening the Fatimid Caliphate.
Crusades Involving Egypt (Fourth, Fifth, and Seventh)
Several crusades were specifically targeted at Egypt, each serving as a strategic move to retake Jerusalem. The Fourth Crusade, originally intended to be a direct assault on Egypt, was instead redirected to Constantinople, demonstrating the lengths the crusaders were willing to go to secure their ultimate goal.
The Fifth Crusade represented a renewed focus on Egypt. After making gains, particularly the capture of the port of Damietta, the crusaders were unable to proceed further. The destruction of the Nile dam by Ayyubid Sultan Al-Kamil led to a disastrous flooding of the crusader camp, which ultimately forced them to retreat. A truce followed, lasting eight years.
The Seventh Crusade, led by King Louis XI of France, was the last major attempt to claim Egypt. This campaign was characterized by a temporary success, with Damietta being taken from the Ayyubids. However, the failure to predict the Nile floods and the subsequent battle at Al Mansurah severely impacted the crusaders. Louis was captured and held for ransom, leading to another truce.
Conclusion
In conclusion, the crusader expeditions to Egypt were driven by strategic interests, particularly the desire to control a region that could provide stability and support for their efforts to recapture Jerusalem. The episodic nature of these campaigns, marked by successes and significant setbacks, underscores the complexity of the geopolitical landscape of the time.