The Average Lifespan of Ancient People: Beyond the Myths
The concept of an average lifespan of ancient people varies greatly depending on the era and geographical location. According to various historical records, the idea that early humans lived for centuries is a misconception. This article explores the true average lifespans of different ancient populations, challenges popular beliefs, and highlights the impact of lifestyle on how long people lived.
From Religious Myths to Scientific Evidence
According to the Bible, the average lifespan of people in ancient times could have been as high as eight to nine hundred years. However, modern scientific evidence suggests a much lower average. For instance, ?tzi the Iceman, discovered frozen in ice, is believed to be over 5,000 years old and died due to an arrow in his shoulder. When considered alongside other factors, such as the state of preservation of his body and his age-appropriate physical features, it becomes clear that his age at the time of death is speculative.
Despite some unusual findings, such as ?tzi, the vast majority of ancient individuals lived shorter lives. For example, no one has ever developed a second set of teeth, believed to be a sign of a very old age, until the 19th century. The arrow in ?tzi's shoulder likely did not contribute significantly to his death, as many men have survived with similar injuries without issues.
Early Human Lifespans and Environmental Factors
Early humans, particularly those during the Paleolithic era (2.6 million years ago to 10,000 BCE), had an average lifespan of around 33 years. This was significantly shorter than today, largely due to high infant mortality rates, malnutrition, and the prevalence of diseases.
Neanderthals, who lived from about 400,000 to 40,000 years ago, had a life expectancy that was even shorter. Most died before reaching the age of fifty, often due to violent encounters with prey during hunting, childbirth, or other accidents. The harsh living conditions and lack of advanced medical knowledge contributed to their relatively short lifespans.
The Cro-Magnon and Mesolithic Eras
Moving into the Cro-Magnon era (around 40,000 BCE to 10,000 BCE), there were significant differences in lifespan. Cro-Magnons, the ancestors of modern humans, generally lived into their twenties, but a mere 87% of them reached the age of forty. Only around one in fifty lived more than half a century. Although their lifestyle was generally safer and less dependent on hunting large animals, the risk of elopement or absconding (leaving parental care without warning) posed a significant threat, as seen in individuals with autism spectrum disorder.
During the Mesolithic period (the latter part of the last Ice Age), life became slightly safer, with less hunting of large animals. However, death in childhood was still common. The life expectancy was lower than in the Cro-Magnon period, around twenty-seven years, but more people survived past the age of fifty. This improvement can be attributed to a safer environment and a decrease in the risk of violent death from hunting.
The Impact of Agriculture and Humoral Health
The advent of agriculture around 10,000 BCE is believed to have further reduced life expectancy. Increased food intake and a higher caloric intake led to earlier onset of age-related illnesses due to a higher metabolic rate. The new diets also introduced new health issues, including those related to grains and pulses.
Overall, the average lifespan of ancient people was significantly shorter than today. Lifestyle, environment, and availability of medical knowledge were the primary factors influencing how long people lived. The myths of incredibly long lifespans are fascinating but not based on scientific evidence. Understanding the true historical lifespans offers valuable insights into the challenges and ways of life of our ancient ancestors.