Navigating the Boundaries of Common Knowledge in Academic Writing
A perennial question in academic writing, particularly for those new to the field, is how to distinguish between common knowledge and facts that require a citation. This distinction is not always clear and varies depending on the context. A classroom teacher can often provide concrete examples, helping to clarify what constitutes common knowledge and when a citation is necessary.
Defining Common Knowledge
Common knowledge refers to information that is widely accepted as true and does not require citation, even if it is new knowledge to the individual reader. Examples include well-known historical dates, geographical facts, and basic scientific principles. However, the line between common knowledge and a point that requires citation can be blurry, especially in fields with rapidly evolving knowledge.
Context Matters in Academic Writing
The nature of the context in which the knowledge is being conveyed is a crucial factor. In a public debate, for instance, stating common knowledge can be advantageous as it aligns with the audience's existing beliefs and helps to establish a common ground. However, if the subsequent speaker undermines these facts and presents convincing evidence that they are misconceptions, the entire argument can be invalidated. This is why, in the context of a public debate, facts that are not universally agreed upon should be cited.
The Role of Citations in Academic Writing
In academic essays and theses, the context is often very specific, often requiring a higher standard of evidence and support. In the context of a Wikipedia article, no information is acceptable without citation, as it is considered original research if not properly referenced. While Wikipedia is a vast repository of information, its contributions are not always reliable, and many of the cited sources may be based on low-grade, unverified information. Therefore, relying on citation is more about ensuring the integrity and credibility of the information presented.
Understanding Professors' Expectations
Academic tutors and professors have varying expectations regarding what constitutes common knowledge. Their experiences and academic standards play a significant role in this. For instance, a professor might insist that the distance between the Earth and the Sun is not common knowledge if the student is unaware of this fact. This reflects the need for students to be familiar with the fundamental facts within their field of study, which are considered common knowledge once they are properly known and understood.
The Importance of Evidence
Regardless of the context, it is wise to have evidence ready. Even if you feel confident in your knowledge, submitting citations and additional evidence whenever requested can demonstrate your thorough understanding and attention to detail. This practice also helps to strengthen your arguments and defend them against challenges from peers or critics.
Concluding Thoughts
Avoid taking anything for granted, especially when writing a thesis or academic essay. Begin by summarizing standard positions and note the sources of this information. However, be prepared to address possible challenges to these positions. Uncritically accepting common knowledge without considering the broader context or evidence can undermine the strength of your argument. Understanding and navigating the boundaries of common knowledge is crucial for maintaining academic integrity and building a robust case in your writing.