How Did Most Russians Make a Living in the 19th Century?

During the 19th century, Russia was a predominantly agricultural society where most of the population relied on farming, artisanal trades, and other forms of labor to earn a livelihood. This period saw significant societal structures, including the Russian serf/peasant class, which were crucial to Russian social theory and economic practices.

Agriculture: The Backbone of Russian Life

The 19th century was characterized by a profound dependence on agriculture. Most Russians were engaged in farming, either as serfs or peasants. These individuals were integral to Russian social theory, as they occupied the lowest levels of the socio-economic hierarchy. Serfs were legally bound to the land and often suffered from harsh conditions, while peasants enjoyed more freedom but still faced considerable challenges. Both groups provided the essential labor force that sustained the country's agricultural output.

Diverse Rural Occupations

In addition to farming, 19th century Russians engaged in a range of other occupations. For instance, many people worked in handicraft workshops, where they produced goods such as furniture, textiles, and ceramics. Others were involved in trades such as weaving linen, nettles, and hemp, which were essential for clothing and household items. Rivers and lakes provided opportunities for fishing and diving for river pearls, contributing to local economies. Pastoralism and nomadic herding were also prevalent, with herders maintaining flocks of sheep, goats, and cattle.

Civic and Military Service

While agriculture dominated the rural areas, urban centers had their own occupations. Civil servants played a crucial role in government administration, managing various aspects of life in cities. Meanwhile, military service was another significant means of earning a living. The Russian military was a major employer, offering stable income and opportunities for advancement to those who joined. Civil and military occupations were especially important for the nobility, Cossacks, and other elite classes.

Demographic Breakdown

According to the 1897 population census, the majority of the Russian population (77%) were peasants. This group was composed of both serfs and free peasants who were not legally tied to the land. Ten percent of the population were city residents, who engaged in manufacturing, trade, and other urban occupations. Seven percent of the population were non-Russian ethnic groups, and two percent were Cossacks, known for their unique social and cultural identities. One percent of the population were nobles, who held significant power and status. Additionally, three percent of the population were classified as others, representing a diverse array of occupations and identities.

Conclusion

The 19th century was a period of great social and economic diversity in Russia. While agriculture remained the backbone of the economy, the populace engaged in a wide range of occupations that reflected the complex social and cultural landscape of the time. Understanding these occupations provides a deeper insight into the daily lives and economic structures of 19th century Russian society.