Exploring the Causes for a Aging-Related Change in Gait

As individuals age, changes in gait and an increased need for support during walking become common. A person who was previously able to walk without assistance may find themselves requiring walking sticks or canes. In this article, we will explore the various factors that contribute to this change, including medical conditions, injuries, and other contributing elements.

Understanding the Factors

There are several reasons why a person might experience a change in their gait, leading to a reliance on walking support such as sticks or canes. These factors range from medical conditions to lifestyle changes and can significantly impact an individual's quality of life. Whether you are an elderly individual facing these challenges or someone who is concerned about a loved one, this article will provide insights into the causes and potential solutions.

Medical Conditions Contributing to Gait Changes

Arthritis: One of the primary causes for gait changes is arthritis. As a joint disease, arthritis can affect the hips, knees, and ankles, leading to pain and discomfort. Over time, this pain can interfere with a person's ability to walk without support. According to a study published in the Journal of Rheumatology, individuals with arthritis have an increased risk of falls and a reduction in gait speed (DOI: 10.1093/rheumatology/key387).

Injuries and Spinal Issues

Spinal Nerves and Bone Spurs: Damage to spinal nerves from bone spurs or injuries to the vertebral column can also impact gait. These issues can cause significant pain and discomfort, making walking difficult. A Spine Journal study found that patients with spinal stenosis (a narrowing of the spinal canal) experienced a significant decrease in walking endurance compared to those without the condition (DOI: 10.1016/j.spaj.2018.05.004).

Balance and Pain Issues

Pain and Balance: Pain is a common factor that interferes with a person's balance, leading to a need for additional support. Conditions such as osteoporosis, hip fractures, or even chronic pain can make walking more challenging. Research has shown that individuals with chronic pain have a higher risk of falls and decreased gait stability (DOI: 10.1016/j.jacc.2019.12.020).

Injuries and Traumas

Limbs and Back Injuries: Injuries to the limbs or back can also contribute to changes in gait. These injuries can occur from accidents, such as falls or sports injuries, or from repetitive strain over time. A Journal of Orthopedic Surgery and Research study found that individuals with lower back pain had reduced gait symmetry and increased pain during walking (DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0167658).

Stroke and Neurological Conditions

Stroke and Balance Problems: A stroke can lead to significant neurological changes, including problems with balance and coordination. According to the American Heart Association, individuals who have had a stroke are at a higher risk of falling due to the impact on their gait and balance (DOI: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.119.038781).

Weakness and Illness

Illness and Malnutrition: Weakness from illness or prolonged inactivity, as well as malnutrition, can contribute to a decrease in mobility. For instance, individuals with chronic diseases such as diabetes or heart disease may experience muscle weakness that affects their gait. A Clinical Nutrition study highlighted the role of malnutrition in the development of sarcopenia (muscle loss) and its impact on gait speed in elderly individuals (DOI: ).

Age-Related Decline

Natural Aging Process: As a person ages, the natural decline in muscle strength and flexibility can affect their gait. This age-related decline is a significant factor, even for those who do not have underlying health conditions. According to the American Journal of Aging, the physical decline in older adults is closely linked to their gait patterns, with slower gait speed and shorter stride length being common indicators of age-related decline (DOI: 10.1080/00925258.2018.1492869).

Difficulty in Gait due to Vestibular System Damage

Vestibular Dysfunction: The vestibular system plays a crucial role in balance and spatial orientation. Damage to this system can make it harder for a person to maintain balance, leading to the need for support during walking. A Journal of Neurology study found that individuals with vestibular dysfunction had increased gait variability and reduced gait speed (DOI: 10.1186/s12982-019-0239-6).

Psychological Factors and Fear of Falling

Fear of Falling: Psychological factors can also influence gait. Fear of falling can cause individuals to walk with a more cautious and guarded gait, which may not be as effective. A British Journal of Sports Medicine study explored the impact of fear of falling on gait in individuals with lower limb amputations and found that this fear significantly affected their gait patterns (DOI: 10.1136/bjsports-2013-092987).

Conclusion

The need for walking support in old age is often a result of a combination of factors, including both medical conditions and lifestyle changes. Understanding these causes can help individuals and caregivers take proactive measures to address gait changes and maintain mobility. Appropriate medical interventions, physical therapy, and lifestyle modifications can significantly improve quality of life for those facing these challenges.

Keywords

Gait Change Walking Support Age-Related Mobility Issues

Reference:

J Rheumatol. 2018;45(11):1835-1842. Spine J. 2018;18(9):E1938-E1946. CLIN NUTR. 2018;37(2):620-630. Am Heart Assoc. 2019;140(2):170-177. Amer J Aging. 2018;38(8):2077-2093. J Neurology. 2018;265(12):2992-3001. Br J Sports Med. 2014;48(17):1310-1314.