Countering Microwave Energy: Strategies and Techniques
Microwave energy is widely used in various applications, from heating food in a microwave oven to military radar systems. However, when it comes to countering the use of microwave energy, whether for radar guidance or other purposes, a range of countermeasures can be employed. This article explores various strategies and techniques used to counter microwave energy, from simple methods like switching machines off to more complex countermeasures involving electronic warfare.
Introduction to Microwave Energy
Microwaves are electromagnetic waves with frequencies ranging from 300 MHz to 300 GHz. In the context of military applications, microwaves are used in radar systems, which are crucial for detecting, tracking, and engaging targets. These systems can also be used for electronic warfare (EW), which involves the use of electronic devices and systems to saturate, suppress, and deceive electronic systems.
Countermeasures Against Microwave Energy
1. Simple Countermeasures
A straightforward countermeasure against microwave energy is to simply shut down the source of the radiation. If the intention is to stop a machine radiating microwaves, the simple solution is to switch it off. This is a passive and non-intrusive method, but it is limited to scenarios where the source of radiation can be controlled or accessed.
2. Faraday Cage for Physical Protection
A more practical countermeasure against microwave radiation is the use of a Faraday cage. A Faraday cage is a highly conductive enclosure that can block electromagnetic fields by redirecting them around the exterior of the cage. This makes it an effective shield against microwave radiation, particularly in environments where sensitive equipment needs to be protected.
3. Electronic Countermeasures (ECM)
For radar systems, ECM is a vital part of electronic warfare. There are two primary forms of ECM:
Jamming: One form of ECM involves jamming radar systems with noise or other signals to disrupt their operation. This jamming technique can be effective until the radar gets close enough to burn through the jamming. This method was successfully tested in the 70s over North Korea. Spoofing: Another form of ECM is to analyze the radar signal and then broadcast it back in such a way as to create many more contacts. This makes it difficult for the radar to determine which is the real contact. This method is used to deceive the radar system and confuse it.4. Deployment of Chaff and Towed Decoys
Chaff is another effective countermeasure against radar systems. Chaff consists of clouds of aluminum foil strips that float in the air and create false radar contacts. When radar-guided missiles target these false contacts, they are often destroyed, rendering them ineffective against real targets.
Towed decoys also play a crucial role in these countermeasures. These decoys simulate the radar profile of a fighter jet and attract missile fire, thus drawing the missile away from the real target. Towed decoys are particularly useful in defending against air-to-air and air-to-ground missiles.
5. Anti-Radiation Missiles
Anti-radiation missiles (ARMs), such as the HARM (High Speed Anti-Radiation Missile) and the AARGM-ER (Advanced Anti Radiation Guided Missile-Extended Range), are designed to detect and destroy the radar emitting source. The AARGM-ER, in particular, is equipped with better memory and guidance, providing extended range and enhanced performance. This missile can either destroy the emitting radar or induce the radar operators to shut down to protect their lives.
6. S/DEAD Missions for Air Defense Suppression
Air Defense Suppression (S/DEAD) missions are conducted by fighter and bomber aircraft. These missions aim to neutralize enemy air defenses by targeting radars and other electronic systems. The term 'Ironhand' was historically used to describe these missions. In recent years, there has been a shift towards using loitering drones for S/DEAD missions, which offer better endurance and are more difficult to detect.
Conclusion
The use of microwave energy in modern warfare necessitates the development and deployment of countermeasures to protect against various forms of electronic and radar-based attacks. From simple methods like shutting down the source to more complex techniques like deploying ARMs and S/DEAD missions, the strategies employed vary depending on the specific threat and the available resources. With continued advancements in technology, it is essential to stay informed about the latest developments in electronic warfare and countermeasures.