What is the Difference between Anarchism and Communism?

Anarchism and communism are both political ideologies that challenge the capitalist system and advocate for a more equitable society. However, they vary significantly in terms of their approaches and underlying philosophies. This article aims to explore these differences, focusing on their views on the state, economic structures, historical development, and strategies for change.

View of the State

Anarchism:
Anarchists seek to abolish the state entirely, viewing any form of hierarchical authority as inherently oppressive. They promote self-governance and voluntary cooperation among individuals and communities.

Communism:
Communists, on the other hand, see the state as a necessary instrument for achieving socialism and ultimately communism. They argue that the state should be used to dismantle capitalism and redistribute resources. However, they envision a role for the state during a transition period where the working class controls it to manage the economy and eliminate class distinctions.

Economic Structure

Anarchism:
Anarchists advocate for decentralized, non-hierarchical forms of organization. They often favor mutual aid cooperatives and direct democracy. Communal ownership is emphasized, but individual autonomy and voluntary association are prioritized.

Communism:
Communists support collective ownership of the means of production through a centralized plan. They believe in a transition period where the working class must control the state to manage the economy and eliminate class distinctions.

Historical Development

Anarchism:
Anarchism has its roots in various social movements and philosophical traditions, including individualism and anti-authoritarianism. Key figures in the movement include Mikhail Bakunin and Peter Kropotkin. Their works emphasize the importance of individual freedom, the spontaneous organization of people, and the rejection of hierarchical authority.

Communism:
Communism is most closely associated with Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels, who developed a historical and economic theory of class struggle. Marxism has inspired numerous political movements and revolutions throughout history, advocating for the abolition of private ownership of the means of production and the establishment of a classless society.

Strategies for Change

Anarchism:
Anarchists often advocate for direct action, grassroots organizing, and the building of alternative structures that operate outside of state control. This includes engaging in protests, strikes, and community-building efforts to create a society without centralized authority.

Communism:
Communists may support both revolutionary actions and involvement in electoral politics. They believe that the working class should seize state power to implement their vision for a communist society.

Conclusion

While both anarchism and communism share a common critique of capitalism and a shared vision for a more just society, their fundamental differences in views on the state, economic organization, and strategies for achieving change set them apart. Understanding these distinctions can provide valuable insights into how these ideologies have evolved and continue to shape social and political movements worldwide.