Aristotle's Virtue Ethics: A Path to True Fulfillment or Just a Means to Happiness?

The question of whether living a virtuous life leads to the ultimate end of happiness has been a subject of debate among philosophers for centuries. According to Aristotle, the goal of a virtuous life is not merely to achieve happiness, but to live a life in accordance with virtue. This article explores the philosophical underpinnings of virtue ethics, the difficulties in measuring happiness, and the implications of prioritizing happiness over moral virtue.

Introduction to Aristotle's Virtue Ethics

Aristotle, in his ethical treatises such as Nicomachean Ethics, argues that the highest good for humans is to live a virtuous life. He posits that virtue is not merely a means to happiness but the end itself. This perspective challenges the notion that happiness is the ultimate goal of morality. Instead, he suggests that true fulfillment is achieved through the cultivation of virtues such as wisdom, courage, temperance, and justice.

Central Virtues

Aristotle defines the primary virtues, or virtues of character, as virtues of wisdom, courage, temperance, and justice. These virtues are essential for leading a good life. Here is an explanation of each:

Wisdom: This virtue involves sound judgment and the ability to make wise decisions. It encompasses both practical and theoretical wisdom. Courage: The ability to face fear and act despite potential danger. It is the strength to stand firm for what is right. Temperance: Moderation and self-control in desires and actions. It helps one to avoid excess and maintain balance. Justice: Fairness and treating others equitably. It is the cornerstone of virtuous conduct in social and political life.

These virtues are foundational to a well-lived life and are deemed necessary for achieving true happiness. However, the relationship between virtue and happiness remains a subject of philosophical inquiry.

Measuring Happiness: A Subjective Experience

Happiness is often regarded as a subjective experience rather than an objective state. While there is no foolproof method to measure happiness, several approaches have been developed:

Self-report questionnaires: These are common measures of happiness that ask individuals to rate their happiness levels. The Cantril ladder: This scale provides a 0 to 10 rating of life satisfaction, with 0 being the worst life and 10 being the best. The Satisfaction with Life Scale (SWLS): This scale asks individuals to rate their life using five statements with 1 being strongly disagree to 7 being strongly agree. The OECD Better Life Index: Developed by the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, it evaluates well-being across countries, considering 24 indicators in 11 topics. Happiness economics: This field uses surveys to examine the relationship between individual satisfaction and economic factors.

While these measures provide insights into happiness, they should be viewed through the lens of virtue ethics. The pursuit of happiness should be viewed as secondary to the cultivation of virtues.

Subjectivity and Virtue: A Normative View

It is essential to recognize that happiness is a subjective experience. While Aristotle acknowledges the value of happiness, he argues that true fulfillment is only achieved through the practice of virtue. The idea that one must pursue happiness at any cost is in line with the Machiavellian philosophy, which advocates for the ends justifying the means. This approach, however, fails to incorporate moral responsibility and ethical considerations.

Implications for Moral Responsibility

The moral responsibility of individuals goes beyond personal fulfillment. It encompasses the pursuit of virtues and the well-being of the community. A virtuous life ensures not only personal contentment but also contributes to societal harmony and progress. The concept of moral virtue suggests that true happiness is not merely a byproduct of a virtuous life but an inherent outcome of virtuous conduct.

Conclusion

In conclusion, Aristotle's virtue ethics emphasizes that living a virtuous life is the ultimate goal, and true happiness is the result of this virtuous living. While the subjective nature of happiness cannot be entirely ignored, the cultivation of virtues remains paramount. Happiness, when pursued as a byproduct of virtuous living, ensures a more authentic and fulfilling life. The moral responsibility of individuals lies in the continuous pursuit of virtues, not just the transient experience of happiness.